Art of making types and type-bars.



F. H. RICHARDS. ART or MAKING TYPES AND- TYPE BARS.

APPLIOATION FILED 00121, 1901.

Patented Apr. 20, 1909.

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P. H. momnbsp .ART OF MAKING TYPES'AND TYPE BARS. APPLICATION- TILED0012 21. 1901. I 91 9,220. Patented Apr. 20, 1909.

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; 'P. H. RICHARDS.

, ART OF MAKING TYPES AND TYPE BARS.

APPLIGATION FILED 0M. 21, 1901.

Patentd Apr. 20', 1909.

7 SHEETS-SHEET 3.

F. H. RICHARDS; ART OF MAKING TYPES AND TYPE BARS.

APPLICATION FILED 00T. 21, 1901.

91 9,220. I Patented Apr. 20, 1909.

7 SHEETS-SHEET 4.

Wnessas: fnveizfof:

THE NORRIS rrrsns c0. wAsnmcron, n c.

P. H. RICHARDS. ART OF MAKING TYPES AND TYPE BARS.

APPLIOATION FILED 0m. 21, 1901.

91 9 ,220, Patented Apr. 20, 1909.

1m: may-u nuns pm, wuumardn,-n; c.

F. RICHARDS. ART OF MAKING TYPES AND TYPE BARS.

' APYLIQATION FILED 001. 21, 1901.

91 9,220. Patented Apr. 20, 19.09.

7 SHEETQeSHEET 6.

Inventor:

F. H. RICHARDS;

ART OF MAKING TYPES AND TYPE BARS.

APPLICATION FILED OCT. 21, 1901.

Patented Apr.20, 1909.

7 SHEETS-SHEET '1.

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UNITED STATESPATENT OFFICE.

FRANCIS H. RICHARDS, OF HARTFORD, CONNECTICUT, ASSIGNOR, BY-MESNEASSIGNMENTS, TO AMERICAN TYPOGRAPHIC CORPORATION, A CORPORATION OF NEWJERSEY.

ART OF MAKING TYPES AND TYPE-BARS.

T 0 all whom it may concern:

Be it known that I, FRANCIS H. Bron- ARDS, a citizen of the UnitedStates, residing at Hartford, in the county of Hartford and State ofConnecticut, have invented certain new and useful Improvements in theArt of Making Types and Type-Bars, of which the following is aspecification.

This invention pertains to the manufacture of impression-faces orcharacters, and particularly to the manufacture of a plurality of thesame which shall have the intimate relationshi possessed by thecomponent members 0 an integral line of type.

The present invention relates in particular to a method of makingcharacters and more especially printing types from a blank of propermaterial, and to a method of'making a series of such types from or on ablank to form an integral line of type which it is intended shallconstitute the printing portion of a logotype or typebar (linotype)adapted for use in the topographic art for printing composition.

The invention constituting the subjectmatter herein disclosed is closelyrelated to that illustrated, described and claimed in the application ofDarien WV. Dodson, Serial No. 600,152, filed July 22, 1896, to which Ihave permission to refer, and is, in fact, in the nature of animprovement upon the invention set forth in that application. Accordingto the Dodson method of making separate types along a blank without theapplication of heat from an extraneous source, the types are made insuccession by the subjection of successive portions of the face of theblank to a rolling treatment as the result ofrolling the blank and thesuccessively working dies with relation to each otherthe movement of thetype-making members which results in this rolling treatment being,however, a simple progressive one in which the members are caused toapproach each other and while the die is in engagement with the blank toprogressively vary the angular relation of the impression device and theblank during the progress of impressing the latter; that is to say, thetype-making operation is confined within the limits of a movement of approach, engagement, and subsequent recession of the members, the severalmovements being progressive or continuously in one direction and themovement of approach, en-

-gagement and recession occurring in the Specification of LettersPatent.

Application filed October 21, 1901.

Patented April 20, 1909.

Serial No. 79,359.

order specified. There is also included in said Dodson method furtherfeatures which are involved. in the general method of pro ducingconsecutive predetermined types along a proper blank, consisting in thepreliminary preparation of the portions of the blank to which the diesare to be applied in order to roughly form each respective portionapproximately to the shape of the type or type-block to be madetherefrom. In addition to this the making of spaces at proper pointsalong the edge of the blank is contemplated in that invention for thepurpose of receiving the fiowage endwise of the blank occurring at eachtype-making operation and which would otherwise distort or disturb ortend to distort or disturb a finished type at the rear.

The present improvements are, in their essence, an extension of the ideainvolved in the Dodson method of making types, and in their practicalapplicationas in the making of types according to the method disclosedin the said Dodson application-the entire operation involved in theproduction of each type is completed before the making of a consecutivetype of the composition is commenced. As distinguished from thatinvention, however, the treatment to which the material of the blank issubjected by each die in the manufacture of the corresponding typeaccording to the present invention, is such as to accomplishtheformation of the type gradually and the subjection of the materiallying in the edge of the blank to a series of reductions. Thus the typesresult, according to the invention disclosed herein, from a successivestep-by-step progressive treatment or operation, not only in thecomplete forming and finishing of the individual types, but in theproduction of the entire series or line of type considered as a unit, aswe Many efforts have been made to produce from a mass of type-formablematerial, by the action of a die, a type suitable for use in, andwhichwould satisfactorily meet the requirements of, the topographic art,in point especially of sharpness, definition and durability, and tocombine a number of such types in a line of composed types or typefaces, in the endeavor to produce a typebar that would satisfy thedemands of the art for successful commercial application.

Such attempts to form the type have generally than cause the bottom ofthe di been made, so far as I am aware, as the re sultof direct pressureexerted by the die on the type-lorruabl material unaccompanied by anyconcurrent or subsidiary force or movement designed to facilitate theproduction of an accurate and sharply-defined counterpart ol' thetype-forming die. Experiment has demonstrated, however, that such a modeof operation is ineffective to produce a satisfactory printing type.'lhe natural cohesion of the material caused during the shearing actionof the cutting edges of the die, i. 0., those edges wl'iich determinethe contour of the base of the type-block where it joins the body orstool: of the blanlr, and portions adjacent to or in what will eventually ion the impression face of the type to be dragged or flow in thedirection of the die movement, resulting in a type-like character whichcannot be pro erly called a type, inasmuch as it is incapable ofproducing a satisfactory printed impression. If a typelike charactermade in this manner he examined (especially with the aid of a glass) itwill be noticed that the impression face thereof is convex or roundingto a considerable extent, being higher at and adjacent to the center thetype-lines than at the edges thereof, and for this reason while itsimulates the characteristics of a proper type, it cannot ordinarily beused to make a satisfactory printed impression. 'i'his deiorniation orlZLGli o'l sharpness and definition is particularly noticeable in theline projections and hairlines, which, in the case of a type oirelatively small proportions, remain unformed, or at least imperfectlyfor ed. Even if this rectilinear r tion of the die be continued to apoint dcpuiwisc oi the blanx ore than sufiicient it would seem. to morecavity to contact with the stock, the mass within the die is carriedbodily in the direction of die movement leaving the finer and hairlincsoi the die cavity or illed. 'i'he tlowage manifestly taking place alongthe line. of least resistance, has been demonstrated by experiment tobe, in the ordinary typebanblanlt, in a direction other than that whichwould completely fill the sharp angular recesses and hair-line spaces ofthe die. Such l'lowage has been showi'i to take place laterally downwardunder the edges of the die and even in the body of the blank itself to adegree suliicient, in some cases, to produce sensible alteration in thecross-sectional form. of the blank at a point withii'i the sphere oftlowagc action. This mode of making type on the usual typebar-blanlzsresults, therefore, in a type the edges of Whose impression face arelacking in. sharpness and definition.

77 ien it is attempted to malte upon a type bar-blank a second type at apoint which brings an already formed type thereon With- 1 minuteindentations thereof.

in the flowage radius (for so I may term the maxi oi distance in anyparticular direction. in which a n1 ovenient in the mass of aterial ccurs sufficient in extent to disturb or displace formed surlacea radiuswhose position and length is established and determined by theparticular mode of die operation employed) an additional factor requiresconideration; to wit, the disposal of excess or surplus material in theheld of action of the die and which is sheared by the latter from thematerial building up and forming the typebiocl=;. This excess or surplusiii-aterial, in connection with the formative stresses of the Woi .iingdie, not only variously modifies the llowage concurring with and createdby the advance ent of the die into the blank, in the absence of anyprovision lor controlling its direction of .u';ovement, but alsoinvariably results in. the overriding of the adjacent type or in thedisplacement of the same from its proper relative position as such typesexist in ordinarily spaced composition. 'i he production, therefore, ofa typebar having a line of consecutive wrought types upon its edgeinvolves, generally speal:- ing, something more than the repetition of atype-making operation at points along the edge of blank, by reason ofthe fact that owing to the nearness of the types one to the other, inconsequence of the ordinary spacing subsisting in typographiccoir-position, the i'lowage oi' the material of the blank in excess ofthat necessary to build up each type-block surmounted by its properimpression face tends to displace or disturb the metal in an adjacentand finished type at the rear. Such indeed will be the result, expoience has shown, unless measures are adopted either inherent in the modeof treatment applied by the working die or in s e other \vav to protectthis finished type of the material set up by such stresses induced byits working.

It is evident from the statement hereinbefore embodied, that during themaking of a type according to the method disclosei'l in the said Dodsonapplication, the die is presented to the stock of the blank at varyingangles, moving, in fact, along a path corresponding to that portion of acycloid at or adjacent to the cusp of such curve. The motion of the diewith relation to the blank is not, therefore, merely a relativelystraight line or rectilinear movement, but more in the nature of acompound movement eilective to produce the type as the result 01'' awrought-like process; but the period of the Working of the mate ial isshort, and by reason of the fact that it is not repeated again andagain, the stock is not Worked and forced increment by increment intothe cavity of the die to thereby eiiectually and completely fill theangular recesses and A type formed according to the Dodson method,therefore, does not generally possess the highest possible degree ofdefinition and sharpness. Furthermore, if that species of the saidmethod of making types disclosed in that application is carried out inwhich the blank is first cross-slotted to isolate a type-blank on theedge of the main blank, the typebai blank is rendered less able to withstand the crushing action of the die. Moreover, by reason of thispreliminary isolation of the type-blank and its roughing out a pluralityof operations are necessary, consuming time in their performance andrequiring a plurality of tools or operative devices.

In practicing my present invention I avoid the necessity altogether ofsetting olf typeblanks before the dies are brought into action, and Isubject each type-formable portion of the main blank to repeated actionsor operations, which, for the purpose of producing symmetrically formedtypes, are preferably alternated from side to side of the mass. Theserepeated operations result in the gradual reduction of the materialunder the die to shape, and they are of such character that theyelfect'the strengthening and finishing of the base portions of the typeor typeblock where the latter connects with the stock of the blankbesides condensing and compacting the impression and other faces of thetype. In consequence of the repeated workings to which the stock issubjected, the filling of the angular portions and hair-line spaces ofthe die cavity is accomplished to a high degree of perfection. Theseresults I accomplish by combining with a relative movement of themembers to cause the penetration of the blank by the die, a relativesubsidiary movement of the parts during at least a portion of thefeeding period. Such subsidiary movement (and herein there exists animportant feature of my present improvements) is of a character and in adirection calculated to force the excess or surplus material or cause itto flow laterally or crosswise of the blank, that is, in a directionaway from an adjacent type. This relative subsidiary movement of themembers (i. e. the blank and the die or die-like instrumentality) may beof divers characters, provided it is of such a nature as to effect acontinued and progressive working or reduction of the stock of the blankand thereby cause the same to assume a form which is a counterpart ofthe die or like instrumentality with an incidental movement of thesurplus material laterally of the blank. Thus, the to and fro subsidiarymovement may be one of oscillation through a comparatively small arcwhile the two members are in contact, or either member may bereeiprocated to and fro relatively to the other through a comparativelyshort path. As distinguished from an oscillation about a fixed axis 3 onthe other hand, either member may be rolled back and forth in contactwith each other.

In the drawings which accompany this specification, I have illustrateddivers forms of mechanisms typical of practical and operative devicesfor making types and integral lines of types according to the presentmethod, but in so illustrating the specific mechanical details andorganization thereof shown I wish it understood that various other formsof mechanism may be used for accomplishing the results attained by theoperation of the conventional forms of devices shown, as, in general, apractical operative machine for producing type after type, will embodyrefinements and additional features not herein shown, for the reasonthat they are not deemed to be necessary to or involved in theproduction of. types according to the fundamental method hereindisclosed.

In these drawings, Figure 1 is mainly a side elevation of a simplespecies of mechanism for making types as the result of a feedingmovement and a relative subsidiary motion in the nature of a to-and-froor alternating rolling movement of the die while in contact with theblank. Fig. 2 is a view at right angles to Fig. 1, a part of themechanism being broken away. Fig. 3 is a top view of the mechanism. Fig.4- is a sectional view illustrating the relative motion of t 1e die withrespect to the blank during the making of a type. Fig. 5 is a viewsimilar to Fig. 1, but illustrates a mechanism in which the relativesubsidiary movement results from the oscillation of the blank about anextending longitudinally or axially thereof. Fig. 6 is mainly an endelevation of the mechanism shown in Fig. 5, looking from the left inthat figure. Fig. 7 is a plan view of the mechanism shown in Figs. 5 and6. Fig. 8 is a vertical cross-section of a mechanism suitable forcarrying out the present method of making types and lines of types, themechanism in this case being adapted to produce a rela tive subsidiarymotion in the nature of a. translatory movement ofcomparat' ely smallmagnitude, the rectilinear motion in this case being imparted to thedie. Fig. 9 a crosssectional view upon an enlarged scale through a dieand a blank in engagement therewith, illustrating the formation of atype and show ing the members in their relative position at the close ofthe type-making operation.

Similar characters of reference designate corresponding parts in all thefigures of the drawings Although the present invention, as beforestated, is applicable to the production of characters, designs,diefaces, types, etc, in cameo or in intaglio, indented or in relief, Icontemplate more especially its application to the making of raisedcharacters or characters in relief on the edge of a proper blank, thatis, to the making of types; and while it will therefore be set forthmore particularly herein as applied. to such a purpose, it. will beunderstood that it is not limited to the production 0 types alone.

As already explained, the said Dodson application discloses a method ofmaking type and lines oi type in which the type-die is rolled across theedge of the blanl: transversely to the line oi' length thereofi, thisroll ing nioveinent oi the die being a simple progressive one with theresult that the type-die is applied to the blank r varying angles. Thestock of the blank i'" consequently worked to some extent to etiec, .hefilli g of the cavities and recesses of the die, but 1) 11 of the iaitthat the die remains coi'itact with t 'ie blank only while it is m. 1;;rolled i'om'ardly across the edge tliereoi, the steel; 18 not subjectedto repeated operations and is not therefore treated in such manner bestand mosL eiiectually till the angular recesses and hairline spaces ofthe die cavity. Nor the working oi the stock, in the practicalapplication of that method, such as to produce Wrought type havingfaces, and especially an impression lace, hardened, condensed andstrei'igtliened by repeated actions and operations. Jl wording to thepresent method of niaki type and lines oi type, on the contrary, thetype, at t.ach typeanaking operation, formed the 1 sult of repeatedactions to which the stool: is subjected, and by reason of thesesuccessive and repeated actions, ti o stock is worked and wrought tofully, and it might be said aliisolutely, lill the finest cavities andindentations Within the die. The natural r-sult of these repeatedforging and swaging pressures (Well known to those tamilia with proces.of working and forging metal) is the condensing of the stock and thefinishing of the impression face and other surfaces of the type to highdegree oi smoothnes and uniformity of texture.

The blank, which. my be of any material suitable for the purpose,ordinarily the usual ype-metal alloy, but preferably an alloy possessingsuch characteristics ill give a harder and denser blank than the ordin:y composition of type-nictal capable of producing, of any proper anddesired form. Thus the blanir upon which, or from which, the cons are tobe made may be one in o'tion for making the types constit t e er go ofablank approximately type-nigh, or the blank for the types may be aseparate and independent piece distinct from the ype s. r or typesupport by means of which the types are held the proper nei 'ht in theform. Lloreoyer, such a blank may be of any desired length ;--it mayhave a length i logotype or line of (OX'TSSPOIHJHQ to the single 7 to bemade, or the types may b made on a continuous blank which is severed theproper points to make separation of the the several logotypes or linesof type. While the blank may be of castmetal, it will preferably be of aWrought nature, especially as regards those portions thereof which arecon cerned in building up the several types, as I find such a metal isbest suited to the production of types according to the present method.

Any proper die may be used for Working the stool-t into the desiredtype. It will, of course, have the proper configuration to produce thegiven type as its counterp rt. The application of the present inventionis not limited to the use of a die or dies of an T particularconstruct-ion, since the various operations to be performed on thestock, being in their nature separate and. independent from each other,may be performed by separate and distinct instrumentalities, but themanufacture of types is most conveniently carried out by those dies inwhich the boundary walls of the die cavity intersect the outer face ofthe die in comparatively sharp edges. Such a die is set forth in myapplication, Serial No. 79,360, tiled Gctober 2-1, 1901. Thesecomparatively sharp edges act as incising or shearing devices fordislodging the stock of the blank during the relative Working of thetype-n airing members and forcing portions thereof to the die cavity andfilling the same. Each die may be applied to its proper portion of theblank in various \vlys, and the foregoing subsidiary movement advertedto may be caused to take place at any time subsequent to the applicationof the die to the blank and prior to the members, that is, thecompletion oi the type-making operation. Thus the die may be caused topenetrate the blank and to roughly shape the stock to the form of thedie, and it may even be fed a considerable distance thereinto for thepurpose of filling the die cavity and blocking out the type before therelative subsidiary motion is imparted to the members. in tact,different instrumentalities may be used, the one for roughing-out orshaping the stock approximately to the form of the type-block to beproduced, and the other for finishing such block. On the other hand,this subsidiary motion may be coextensive in point of duration with thatol the engagement of the die and blank. For the same purpose the blankmay also be variously treated prelin'iinarily to the application theretoof the successively selected dies. iccording to the Dodson inventionhereinbei'ore adverted to, each portion of the blank is, in general,subjected to a preliminary operation or treatment, whereby a part atleast of the material in excess of that needed for the making of thetype is removed, subsequent to which the die is brought intoei'igagement with the por ion thus preliminarily prepared, variousinstruments for this purpose separate and distinct from the die beingshown. In carrying out the present invention, a similar mode of pre*liminarily preparing successive portions of the blank may be employed,or the die itself may be of such construction as to perform, whenoperated, the same function as accomplished by the trimming toolsillustrated in the drawings of the said Dodson application.

Instead of preliminarily preparing each portion of the blank prior tothe application to that particular portion of the proper die, the edgeof the blank may, as a whole, be treated either by rolling said edge orby trimming the same to cause such edge to assume a form or shape bestcalculated to assist the working of the die in filling the cavity.Various forms of blanks are set forth in applications filed by me. Theblank may also be otherwise treated to assist and facilitate the actionof the die. I have myself made certain improvements in blanks and whichblanks are peculiarly adapted for use herein.

In effecting the production of a type as the result of repeatedreductions and shapings of the stock of the blank, various relativemotions, herein designated as subsidiary motions, may be imparted to themembers while in engagement. Thus the blank may be oscillated relativelyto the die about an axis, which, in order that the surplus material maybe forced away from a finished type at the rear, that is, sidewise ofthe blank, will extend substantially in line with the line of types tobe formed, that is, lengthwise of the blank. During the oscillation ofthe blank about this axis, which oscillation, it may be here noted, willbe through a comparatively small arc, in order that the integralconnection of the forming type with the stock of the blank shall not bedestroyed, the two members will be preferably fed together. While thisoscillatory movement is taking place, the oscillatory axis may remainfixed with relation to the framework of the mechanism or it may beshifted contemporaneously with the feeding movement either at the samerate at which the members are fed together or at a different rate. I donot contemplate that the present method of making types shall berestricted to any specific relation or condition of rest or motion inrespect of such axis, various methods of making types particularlyembodying these features being set forth in other applications filed byme.

Instead of oscillating the blank about a fixed axis or one which has aprogressive predetermined movement, the types may be produced as theresult of rocking or rolling the die across the edge of the blank, orvice versa, while the two are incontact, both of these modesof producinga type resulting in the repeated shaping and working of the stock of theblank effectively fillin the cavity of the die, while the direction ofthe relative working movement is such as to force material, in excess ofthat needed for the making of the type, transversely of the blank, ortoward its sides.

Although I consider that the most satisfactory types are produced whensuch a relative motion is imparted to the members as will cause theangular relation of the axis of the working die and that of the formingtype to repeatedly and positively vary, I do not wish to limit themaking of types and lines of type, according to the resent method, tothe employment of a su sidiary or working movement such as described, asthe members may be so operated that a relative movement of a differentdescription occurs. Thus such movement may be one along a substantiallystraight line. For example, one of the members may be vibrated to andfro, or moved parallel to itself, while the two members are in contact.Of course this translatory movement will be comparatively small inmagnitude, that is, the excursion of the moving member to and fro willbe through a comparatively short path, in order that the forming typemay not have its integral connection with the stock broken, although itis free to bend to and fro through a small angle while held within thedie. The blank may be subjected to these repeated operations in anysuitable manner, but while hand operated tools may be employed for thepurpose, suitable mechanism will ordinarily be used. Moreover, whiledifferent tools may be employed for operating upon separate portions ofthe blank, I have deemed it preferable to make use of a single tool ordie, as when one of the two cooperating members is moved properlyrelative to the other, a single die is suflicient to subject the stockto all of the various operations which it undergoes before becoming afinished type. Thus the removal of material in excess of that neededfor'the making of a type is an operation separate and distinct from thatby which the stock of the blank is worked up and by successive shapingsreduced to the form of the type-block, these two operations may becarried on simulta neously, and it being apparent from the foregoingstatement that this excess material is worked or forced out laterally ofthe blank, that is, transversely to the line joining the charactenfieldof the forming type with the character-field of an adjacent type.Although the type or type-block is formed as the result of theapplication of forces applied in various directions to the stock of theblank by the boundary walls or faces of the die-cavity, the workingoutward of excess material, being in its nature and results distinctfrom this operation, may be accomplished by other faces associated withthe die and in fact constituting a part thereof.

Vi hile, therefore, these two operations, that is, the working outwardof the excess mate rial and the shaping of the stool; into a typebloclr,may be effected by separate instrumentalitics, each die may itselfembody these various working means. Such a die, combined with mechanismfor causing it to perform its proper function, is set forth in myapplication, Serial No. 79,360, and although for the convenientdisclosure of the present method of making types and typebars such aform of die is indicated in the present drawings, it is deemedunnecessary to specifically describe the same, reference being had forthis purpose to my last-mentioned application.

I do not deem it necessary so far as the present invention is concernedthat the subsidiary movement should be of the same kind as long as itlasts at each type-making operation, since it may vary in any desiredmanner. Neither do I wish to restrict the application of the presentinvention to any particular direction of relative feed movement of thetype-mai zing members together. The direction of such feed movementmaybe substantially in line with the axis of the die during the wholeperiod in which the die penetrates the material of the bla, l;, or thedirection of such feed movement may be at an angle thereto, and alongsubstantially straight or a curved path. Likewise, this relative motionof the members togetler at each type-mahing operation may be for aportion of the feed movement substantially in line with said axis, andduring another portion of such feed movement at an angle thereto.

Referring now more in detail to the conventional forms of mechanism setforth in the drawings accompanying the present specification for makingtypes and lines of type, it will be understood from what has alreadybeen stated, that the mechenisms herein illustrated are not thepreferred forms thereof for practicing the present improvements, sincein complete operative mechanism for malqing determinate and closelyrelated types in succession, a selective app tus will, usually beembodied, whereby upon the selection of a particular die the corre--sponding type will be automatically made u ion the proper portion of theedge of he blank, under the control of an operator. The variousmechanisms shown illustrate means for accomplishing vsrious subsidiarymovements, and especially those above adverted to, during the feeding ofthe type melting members together.

Referring to Figs. 1, 2, 3, and 4 in the first instance, a suitablesupporting framework, designated in a general way by B, is shown uponwhich various operative parts are mounted. Dies for forming various typeare designated without preference by D, and

1 in the path.

for convenience of operation and selective location at the working pointof the machine, they are mount-ed upon a carrier C, herein shown as arotary carrier or die-wheel, secured to a shaft 2, mounted in bearings3, 3. As the mechanism illustrated in these figures is adapted toproduce a type as the result of rolling the die to and fro across theedge of the blank while in contact there *ith, these hearings 8, 3 arein this instance erected upon a slide 4:, adapted to hold a to-and-fromovement in suitable guides 4t, 4 at the upper portion of the frameworkB. in order to permit the rotary adjustment of the carrier C and therebyallow the positioning of a given or desired die at the work point of themachine, an adjusting collar 5, is, according to the presentconstruction, mounted upon the shaft and connected therewith by a keyand heyway construction, (not shown). T his adjusting collar 5 is i dlysee red to a pinion. (i, normally in mesh with a i d racl: 7, secured toportion of the mschineframework. it is evident from this constructionthat when the slide 4 is reciprocated to and fro with the pinion 6 inmesh with the raclr 7, a positive to and-fro angular i iovement will begiven to the ie-carrier ,7 (see the angle ".1- cluded between the lines33, is, Fig. i), and hence a die thereon located at the woriing pointwill be rolled to and fro in a direction crosswise of the edge of theblank situated thereat, with its l' of length disposed transversely tothe plane of the carrier t. A p .g S is pr vi ed tending to thrust theadjusting sleeve 5 and. pinion 6 to the left in Fig. i? and maintain thepinion in engagement with the raclc. A u(rand-fro or reciproe-storymovement may be imparted to the slide by any suitable means, that hereinshown comprising an eccentric 9, serving, through the usual strap and atransmitting linlr ill to impart an oscillatory motion to a vibratinglever 11, pivoted at its lower end as bya pivot-rod 11 to the frameworkand at its upper end piv otally connected by a link if to lugs 13,extending downward from the lwer side ot the slide 4. T he eccentric 9is may be coi'itinuousiy driven from any suita il source of power, notshown), through the following means :A starting lever 16 is fulcrumedermediate its ends by a pin 17 to the frame B and supports a catch normally located (through the action of spring of a clutch arm 19, pivotedto a fixture "2i, secured to the driving-shaft S. The catch 18 whenagged with the arm 19 serves to hold the latter out of contact with apin 20, fixed relative y to the pulley 15 and extending axially thereof.Upon the withdrawal of the catch from contact with the arm 19 howeverthe latter is released and is thrust, by a spring 22 in this instance,into the path of the projecting pin 20. The rota tion of thedriving-shaft S now ensues as the result of the continued rotation ofthe driving-pulley 15, and a to-and-fro motion is imparted to the slide4.

The blank hereinshown in the form of a short-length blank and designatedin general way by Gr, may be supported by any suitable means, and thetwo members fed against each other in any proper way. According to theconstruction illustrated in the figures specified the blank is shownsupported in a blank-carrier H, between side pieces h, h of which theblank is clamped by clamping screws 23, 23. In this instance the blankis fed against the die, the blankcarrier being supported upon a slide24, and although this carrier is mounted in vertical guideways to have amovement toward and away rrom the die-carrier, it will be obvious fromwhat has already been described that the construction might also be suchas to give a feed movement of a different character. Movement is in thiscase imparted to a slide in its guideways by means of an arm 25 pivotedat one end to the frame of the machine and at its opposite end carryingcam-roller 26, in operative engagement with a cam 27, secured to a shaft28, which shaft may be rotated by means such as those to be described.Intermediate its ends the lever 25 is pivoted to the slide 24 supportingthe blank-carrier H, and it is evident that when the lever 25 is turnedabout its pivotal connection with the frame of the machine, the slide,and hence the blank-carrier, will be correspondingly moved. The lever 25is actuated by means, of the cam 27, already described, driven from theshaft 28, which shaft is rotated intermittently from the driving-shaftS, according to the present construction, by means of an eccentric 29,serving to actuate a pawl 30, spring-pressed into engagement with aratchet-wheel 31, secured to the shaft 28. It is evident that when thedrivingshaft S is in rotation, a step by step rotative movement isimparted to the shaft 28, and hence, by the rolling of the cam-roll 26upward on the cam 27, the slide 24 is raised, and a blank. in theblankholder II caused to press against the die selectively located atthe working point.

In order to prevent the starting arm 16 from assuming a position whenbrought to its releasing position and let go, in which it would againdisconnect the driving-pulley 15 from the driving-shaft S, a notcheddisk 32 is in this instance provided upon the shaft 28, being so placedand disposed as to adapt it to cooperate with a roller 33, mounted onthe arm 16, and being operative upon the initiation of the rotation ofthe shaft 28 to withhold the arm 16, and hence the catch 18 fromengagement with the clutch-arm 19 until the shaft 28 has been rotatedstep by step a full rotation, consuming a period in so doing that willsuffice to permit the reciprocation of the slide 4 a sufficient numberof times.

In the simple species of mechanism illustrated a manually operat'vefeed-screw 34 is shown for traversing the blank in the blank-carrierstep by step to bring successive portions of its edge to the workingpoint of the mechanism. This feed screw is mounted in suitable bearingsand as shown engages with a nut 84, located between projections 84",extending downward from the blank-carrier, while the feed-screw may beprovided with a graduated hand disk for its convenient manipulation.

Referring now to the mechanism set forth in Figs. 5, 6, and 7, whichmechanism, it may be premised, is herein exhibited for the purpose ofillustrating a construction adapted to produce a type as the result of asubsidiary movement in the nature of an oscillatory or angular movementim arted in this case to the blank, 13 as before c esignates thesupporting frame for the various operative parts of the mechanism. Thediecarrier C is similar to the carrier C already described except thatthe carrier C has a fewer number of dies D mounted upon it. In thisparticular construction also the feed movement for effecting thepenetration of the blank by the die is imparted to the diecarrierinstead of to the blank, as in the previously described mechanism. Tothis end the die-carrier C is mounted in a rockframe L, whose shaft 36is journaled in arms 37, 38, extending from a sleeve 39, mounted toswing upon a shaft 40, extending between the side pieces 41, 41 of themachine framework. The sleeve 39 of the swing-frame is confined to amovement axially of its supporting shaft by means of a collar 42,attached to the shaft 40, the opposite end of the sleeve abuttingagainst the adjacent sideframe. In this instance the arm 38 of theswing-frame is extended in the form of a hand lever 43 for convenientlyeffecting the movement of the swing-frame, and hence compressing theblank by a selectivelylocated die. An adjustable stop device forlimiting the downward or compressing movement of the die-carrier is alsoshown, designated in a general way by M, and comprising a threadedstop-rod m pivoted to ears m extending from the side piece 41, wherebythe rod may be swung into the slot between lugs m extending from thelever 43 or moved away from engagement with such lugs to permit theswing-frame to be thrown back. A lower stop face is formed by a nut mpreferably held firmly in place as by a jam nut Upwardly the play of theframe and its supported parts is limited by an adjustresult of rheconjoint effect of the feeding movement or the two members togetl (whichmovement may be of a different character than that here accomplished, aswas before explained), during a part at least of which movement theblank is oscillated toand-fro about an axis extending longitudinallythereof and preferably located adjacent to its upper edge. Although theto. iction of this mechanism is in part to eifect a subsidiary movementin the nature of an oscillation about an axis which remains fixed duringits occurrence, 1 do not design that the present method shall be limitedto the mal-: ing of types by oscillating the members relatively to oneanother about such an axis, since this axis may shift during thetypemaking at uniform speed equal to that at which the members are fedtogether or at a different rate, these special modes of making typesbeing set forth in other applications filed by me and before referredto. The blank-holder of this mechanism. is, as before, designated by ll,and the blank therein by G, the latter being held in positi byclampingscrews 23, 23, as already desci in this case, however, theblankdiolder is supported in a rock-fin lie I? pivoted by p'ns e5, 45 atopposite ends, which pins are sci 'ed into the side pieces e1, ll of theframework and enter pivot openings in upright portions 46, 16 of theframe N, being held in an adjusted position by check-nuts e5 45. Afeedscrew for produc a longitudinal traverse of the blank-holder, andthe contained blank is designated as before by of. The means hereinshown for oscillating the frame N, and hence the blank-holder ll and itscontained blank, about the axis defined l r the pivotpins 45, comprisesdriving-shaft S, suitably ournaled in hearings in the frameworl: anddriven by means of a pulley 15 for instance "from a suitable source ofpower, (not shown). i

This driving-shalt S carries an eccentric 17, from which motion istransmitted to an oscillator-plate through a link 48, operativelyconnected one end with the periphery of the eccentric and. at theopposite end pivoted to arms 49, extemling from the oscillator-plate l7pivotally supported by suitable means to swing about an axis. Obviouslywhen the shaft S rotated an oscillatory motion will be imparted to theplate 17, which motion may be transmitted to the frame N in the mannershown, that is,

axis of the oscillator-plate 47.

niation, as more fully described in my application Serial No. 740,512filed December 16, 1899, respectively, to which reference may be made,as i do not contemplate that the present broad and general mode ofmaking types shall be restricted to a mode of type making in which thesubsidiary or to-andfro movement necessarily varies or is reduced duringthe later sta es of the type-making operation. The device for thispurpose as herein shown is of the simplest construction, comprisi. ahand-lever 51, operative for the actuation of an arm 52, engaging at itsouter end with the part from which the pivot-pin 50 of the lever .39extends. This said part, in order to iable the throw of the pin 50 to bevaried, is in the nature of a block adapted to slide toward and awayfrom the pivotal The lever 51 is in this case mounted upon a shaft 50being rigid with a sleeve or barrel 51 for the purpose, and the shaft 53extending between the side pieces 41, 41 of the frame. Combined with thelever 5 is a stop pin 53 for limiting the outward movement of theslide-bloek in one direction, while a sp ing 54 encircling the barrel 51serves to urge the parts in a position in which the axis of thepivot-pin on the slide-block coincides with the axis of oscillation ofthe oscillator-plate 4?, corresponding to a position herefore in whichno oscillatory motion is imparted to the frame and even though theoscillator-plate 47 be in rapid oscillation about its axis.

in all the mecl'ianisms so far described, the construction is such as tocause a positive and mechanically guided movement of each point of theseveral diefaccs along a curved path relatively to the correspondingpoint of the blanlt with which each such point of the die comes incontact and with reference to which it acts as a forging, or swaging-gtool, although it will be understood that this motion is of relativelysmall extent. That is to say, the movement inn'iartcd to either memberis such as to positively vary the angular relation of the axis of thedie to that of the forming type first to one side and then to the other.The result, therefore is to accomplish a treatment of the stock of theblank which may be defined as a rolling treatment alternating first in.one direction and then in the opposite. The present method of makingtypes and lines of types is not, however, and as before mentioned,limited to such particular species of subsidiary motion effective toaccomplish the desired result'in conjunction with a feeding movement,since I deem it within the scope of the present method of making typesthat this subsidiary motion be of any species, )rovided it is effectiveconjointly with the feeding of the members together, to constitute sucha working engagement as will subject the stock of the blank tosuccessive, repeated actions or forces, and by repeated reductions andthrough successive shapings work the stock into a form which is asubstantially exact counterpart of the typemaking instrumentality ordie. Thus, as a species of subsidiary movement differing somewhat incharacter from that already described, the members may be moved to andfro relatively to each other while in contact one with the other along asubstantially straight line. A conventional form of mechanism forproducing a subsidiary movement so characterized is disclosed in Fig. 8.In the mechanism there set forth B as before indicates the supportinframework; C the die-carrier having dies 33 mounted thereon, while thelocking pin 44, provided with a head 44 is shown being adapted to beinserted in any one of a series of oienings 44 for the purpose oflocking the die-carrier in an adjusted position. G designates the blankadapted to be held in a suitable blank-carrier or holder II by means ofclamping-screws 23, 23 and in this case the blank is fed against the diein a manner corresponding to that effected by the construction set forthin Figs. 1 to 4, inclusive, the slide 24 upon which the blank support His mounted being adapted for movement toward and away from thediecarrier in slides secured to or formed in the framework of themechanism. A lever 25, corresponding to the described lever 25, issimilarly pivoted at one end to the framework B while at its oppositeend it carries a cam-roller 26, in operative engagement with a cam 27,secured to a shaft 28. Intermediate its ends the lever 25 is pivoted tothe slide 24 upon which the blank carrier is mounted.

In the organization shown rotative motion is imparted to the shaft 28 bya construction similar to that set forth in Figs. 1 to 3, inclusive,this construction comprising a pawl 80 engaging with the ratchet-wheel31, affixed to the shaft 28, and operative from a crank-pin 29, drivenfrom a shaft S, a spring 8 being provided extending between a fixed pin8, projecting from the base of the framework, and an arm .9 fixed withrelation to the pawl 30 for holding the pawl in engagement with theratchet-wheel. The shaft S constitutes the driving-shaft of themechanism, and it may be driven in any desired and suitable manner, asby a drivingpulley 15", rotated from a suitable source of power (notshown). The die-carrier O is mounted, as in Fig. 1, upon a slide 4, butin this case the die-carrier is designed to have a small to-and-formovement unaccompanied by any rotation about its own axis (see the fulland dotted positions of the die 11 y, respectively, in Fig. 9), thelocking pin 44 precluding this latter movement. This slide 4 is moved toand fro in its guides in the present construction by the followingmeans; an actuator-arm enters at its upper end an opening 55 in suchslide, while its lower end is adapted to be vibrated to and from thecrank-pin 29' by means of a connecting link 56, which is in operativeconnection at one end with the crank-pin and at the opposite end ispivoted to such rod. Intermediate its ends the actuator rod is ivoted toa link 57, hinged in this case to t e framework of the mechanism, andserving as a fulcrum about which the actuator rod may oscillate andthereby impart a to-and-fro movement to the slide. This mechanism, likethose already described, is capable of varying the extent of theto-and-fro movement of the slide, although the present method of makingtypes, as already stated, is not limited to a variation of thischaracter. The means here shown for accomplishing this result consistsof a cam 58, secured to the shaft 28, this cam being effective, when theshaft is rotated, to elevate or depress the fulcrum link 57 through acam-roll 59 mounted upon the link and bearing against the cam. Evidentlyfrom theconstruction shown in Fig. 8 the higher the link'57 is elevatedthe more nearly will the point of contact of the slide 4 with theactuator rod approach the fulcrum point of the link 57 about which thecrankpin 29 causes the actuator to oscillate. The construction isdesigned to be such that when the outer end of the link 57 is tiltedupward and assumes its highest point, as the result of the operation ofthe cam 58, practically no motion will be imparted to the slide uponwhich the die-carrier is mounted even though the shaft S be in constantrotation. A clutch device similar to that shown in Figs. 1, 2, and 8 maybe employed for starting and stopping the movement of this shaft S.

Assuming now that a die has been brought to the working point andengaged with the blank, and that a relative subsidiary motion of thegeneral nature described (particular species of which the variousmechanisms set forth are capable of producing) has been imparted to themembers, the various faces and elements of the die perform particularfunctions which cooperate with each. other, in general, in varyingrelations not only as to coincident performance but also as to amount.Material lying in the edge of the blank in excess of that necessary forbuilding up and forming the type-block is dislodged from its position asj the die advances into the blank, and the latter is forged first on oneside and then on the other and worked into form by progressrve shapings,being forced upwardly into the cavity of the die, until ultimately, therair-hne spaces and crevices at the bottom i of the die-cavity, andwhich serve to give form and shape to the type-lines, are filled withstock which is swaged to form and the various faces of the type highlyfinished as i the die continues its action. Each type is thus producedhaving a truly wrougirt character and possessing advantages, as regardsdense conditions of mass and smoothness of surface, exhibited b T highlywrought surfaces.

A mode of operation precisely similar to that according to which eachdie forms its type ma be utilized for forming word and other spaces, aproper die of the necessary width being of course used.

Material in excess of that needed for the may afterward be removed ortrimmed in any suitable manner for the purpose of bringing the sides ofthe bars into parallelism with each other and producing a finishedproduct.

During the successive to-and-fro or alternating movements there is,according to the preferred mode of operation, a constant advance of thedie relatively to the blank, and at no time is the die withdrawn fromthe partially formed type, as the present metnod will usually bepracticed. When the die is moved in one direction, or shifted for thepurpose causing one side or wall of the die to forge or shape the type,all the other parts and faces of the die are also approximately inposition, and in point of fact, the type body is inclosed within thespace of the die, thus preventing any considerable shifting of theposition of the type with regard to the die. According to this featureof the operation, therefore, the edges and faces of the forming type arepositively controlled during the entire operation of making eachsuccessive type on the blank, with the result that a high degree ofuniformity is exhibited individually and collectively by the line oftypes.

lVhile the practice of the present mode of makin types and lines oftypes is not limited to any particular construction of dies, dies may beused which perform functions additional to those of working thetype-block to shape and dislodging and forcing out excess material. Thusthe die may be of such a The shearing edges of the die alterr portion ofthe blank in advance of the, forming type, and thereby facilitate theaction and operation of the die next selected and brought into operativeengagement with the type-blank.

Having described my invention, 1 claim- 1. That improvement in the artof making a character, which consists in subjecting the blank upon whichthe character to be made to a repeated treatment first on one side andthen on the opposite side applied transversely to the line oining thecharacter-field of the forming character with the characterfield of anad acent character.

2. That improvement in the art of making a character, which consists insubjecting the blank upon which the character is to be made to arepeated forging treatment first on one side and then on the oppositeside applied transversely to the line joining the characteriield of theforming character with the character-field of an adjacent character.

3. That improvement in the art of making character, which consists insubjecting the blank upon which the character is to be made to arepeated forging and swaging treatment first on one side and then on theopposite making of the type-block and which is forced be ond the )lanesof the sides of the blank side applied transversely to the line joiningthe character-field of the forming character with the character-field ofan adjacent character.

a. That improvement in the art of making a character, which consists insubjecting the blank upon which the character is to be made to arepeated treatment first 011 one side and then on the opposite sideapplied transversely to the line joining the character-field of theforming character with the characterfield of an acent character, andsimultaneously working excess material laterally of the blank.

5. That improvement in the art of making a character, which consists insubjecting the blank upon which th character is to be made to a repeatedforging treatment first on one side and then on the opposite sideapplied ls' ersely to the line adjoining the charield of the formingcharacter with. the character-field of an adjacent character, andsimultaneously working excess material lat erally of the blank.

6. That improvement in the art of making a character, which consists insubjecting the blank upon which the character is to be made to arepeated forging and swaging treatment first on one side and then on theopposite side applied transversely to the line joining thecharacter-field of the forming character with the character-field of anadjacent character, and simultaneously working surplus materiallaterally of the blank.

7. That improvement in the art of making character as: to preliminarilyprepare that a character, which consists in feeding a die and a blanktogether and during the action I of the die imparting a relativesubsidiary movement to the members to and fro in a repeated shapings.

8. That improvement in the art of making 5 a type, which consists insubjecting the blank upon which the type is to be made to a repeatedtreatment first on one side-and then on the opposite side appliedtransversely to the line joining the character-field of the forming typewith the character-field of an adjacent type.

9. That improvement in the art of making a type, which consists insubjecting the blank upon which the type is to be made to a repeatedforging treatment first on one side and then 011 the opposite sideapplied transversely to the line joining the character-field of theforming type with the character-field of an adjacent type.

10. That improvement in the art of making a type, which consists insubjecting the blank upon which the type is to be made to a repeatedforging and swaging treatment first on one side and then on the oppositeside applied transversely to the line joining the character-field of theforming type with the character-field of an adjacent type.

11.. That improvement in the art of making a type, which consists insubjecting the blank upon which the type is to be made to a repeatedtreatment first on one side and then on the opposite side appliedtransversely to the line joining the character-field of the forming typewith the character-field of an adjacent type, and simultaneously workingexcess material laterally of the blank.

12. That improvement in the art of making a type, which consists insubjecting the blank upon which the type is to be made to a repeatedforging treatment first on one side and then on the opposite sideapplied transversely to the line joining the character-field of theforming type with the character-field of an adjacent type, andsimultaneously working excess material laterally of the blank.

13. That improvement in the art of making a type, which consists insubjecting the blank upon which the type is to be made to a repeatedforging and swaging treatment first on one side and then on the oppositeside applied transversely to the line joining the character-field of theforming type with the character-field of an adjacent type, andsimultaneously working surplus material laterally of the blank.

14. That improvement in the art of making a type, which consists infeeding the die and the blank for the reception of a plurality of typestogether and during the action of the die imparting a relativesubsidiary move ment to the members to and fro in a plane for thepurpose of gradually and progressively forming a type by successive andrepeated shapings.

15. That improvement in the art of making a line of type by making andcompleting each type before the next type is begun, which consists inapplying the proper dies successively at successive points along thelength of the blank, and during the application of each die imparting tothe members a relative subsidiary movement.

16. That improvement in the art of making a line of type, which consistsin applying the proper dies successively at successive points along thelength of the blank, and during the application of each die imparting tothe members a relative subsidiary movement transversely to the line oflength of the series of types when formed.

17. That improvement in the art of making a line of type by making andcompleting each type before the next type is begun, which consists insubjecting the material of the blank to the repeated treatment ofselective type making instrumentalities, selectively brought into anoperative position, such repeated treatment resulting from the feedingof the blank and the operatingdie together accompanied by a relativesubsidiary movement of the type making members.

18. That improvement in the art of making a line of type by making andcompleting each type before the next type is begun, which consists insubjecting the material of the blank to the repeated treatment ofselective type making instrumentalities, selectively brought into anoperative position, such repeated treatment resulting from the feedingof the blank and the operating die together accompanied by a relativesubsidiary movement of the type making members, in a directiontransverse to the line of length of the line of type being formed.

19. That improvement in the art of making a line of type which consistsin subjecting the material of the blank to the repeated treatment oftype making instrumentalities, such repeated treatment resulting fromthe feeding of the blank and the dies together accompanied by a relativesubsidiary movement of the type making members.

20. That improvement in the art of making types which consists in movingthe die under pressure against the blank in various directions until thetype is formed and then moving die and blank with relation to each otherto make the next type.

21. That improvement in the art of mak ing characters which consists insubjecting a character field of the blank to a repeated forgingtreatment, alternately upon its respective sides, applied transverselyt0 the 1 setting off of said type-blank, and compressline oining suchcharacter field With an ad ing the face of the type-blank in contactWith 10 jacent character field. I a type-die.

22. That improvement in the art of maki T \T 5 ing a type, Whichconsists in setting off a 1 14K! CIS nICHALDS' type-blank on the edge ofa typebar blank, Witnesses:

subjecting opposite Walls of the type-blank JOHN O. SElFERT,

to a progressive forging operation during the PIERSON L. NELLs.

